Learning To Rank

With the Learning To Rank (or LTR for short) contrib module you can configure and run machine learned ranking models in Solr.

The module also supports feature extraction inside Solr. The only thing you need to do outside Solr is train your own ranking model.

Learning to Rank Concepts

Re-Ranking

Re-Ranking allows you to run a simple query for matching documents and then re-rank the top N documents using the scores from a different, more complex query. This page describes the use of LTR complex queries, information on other rank queries included in the Solr distribution can be found on the Query Re-Ranking page.

Learning To Rank Models

In information retrieval systems, Learning to Rank is used to re-rank the top N retrieved documents using trained machine learning models. The hope is that such sophisticated models can make more nuanced ranking decisions than standard ranking functions like TF-IDF or BM25.

Ranking Model

A ranking model computes the scores used to rerank documents. Irrespective of any particular algorithm or implementation, a ranking model’s computation can use three types of inputs:

  • parameters that represent the scoring algorithm
  • features that represent the document being scored
  • features that represent the query for which the document is being scored

Feature

A feature is a value, a number, that represents some quantity or quality of the document being scored or of the query for which documents are being scored. For example documents often have a 'recency' quality and 'number of past purchases' might be a quantity that is passed to Solr as part of the search query.

Normalizer

Some ranking models expect features on a particular scale. A normalizer can be used to translate arbitrary feature values into normalized values e.g., on a 0..1 or 0..100 scale.

Training Models

Feature Engineering

The LTR contrib module includes several feature classes as well as support for custom features. Each feature class’s javadocs contain an example to illustrate use of that class. The process of feature engineering itself is then entirely up to your domain expertise and creativity.

FeatureClassExample parametersExternal Feature Information
field lengthFieldLengthFeature{"field":"title"}not (yet) supported
field valueFieldValueFeature{"field":"hits"}not (yet) supported
original scoreOriginalScoreFeature{}not applicable
solr querySolrFeature{"q":"{!func} recip(ms(NOW,last_modified) ,3.16e-11,1,1)"}supported
solr filter querySolrFeature{"fq":["{!terms f=category}book"]}supported
solr query + filter querySolrFeature{"q":"{!func} recip(ms(NOW,last_modified), 3.16e-11,1,1)", "fq":["{!terms f=category}book"]}supported
valueValueFeature{"value":"${userFromMobile}","required":true}supported
(custom)(custom class extending Feature)
NormalizerClassExample parameters
IdentityIdentityNormalizer{}
MinMaxMinMaxNormalizer{"min":"0", "max":"50" }
StandardStandardNormalizer{"avg":"42","std":"6"}
(custom)(custom class extending Normalizer)

Feature Extraction

The ltr contrib module includes a [features transformer] to support the calculation and return of feature values for feature extraction purposes including and especially when you do not yet have an actual reranking model.

Feature Selection and Model Training

Feature selection and model training take place offline and outside Solr. The ltr contrib module supports two generalized forms of models as well as custom models. Each model class’s javadocs contain an example to illustrate configuration of that class. In the form of JSON files your trained model or models (e.g., different models for different customer geographies) can then be directly uploaded into Solr using provided REST APIs.

General formClassSpecific examples
LinearLinearModelRankSVM, Pranking
Multiple Additive TreesMultipleAdditiveTreesModelLambdaMART, Gradient Boosted Regression Trees (GBRT)
Neural NetworkNeuralNetworkModelRankNet
(wrapper)DefaultWrapperModel(not applicable)
(custom)(custom class extending AdapterModel)(not applicable)
(custom)(custom class extending LTRScoringModel)(not applicable)

Quick Start with LTR

The "techproducts" example included with Solr is pre-configured with the plugins required for learning-to-rank, but they are disabled by default.

To enable the plugins, please specify the solr.ltr.enabled JVM System Property when running the example:

bin/solr start -e techproducts -Dsolr.ltr.enabled=true

Uploading Features

To upload features in a /path/myFeatures.json file, please run:

curl -XPUT 'http://localhost:8983/solr/techproducts/schema/feature-store' --data-binary "@/path/myFeatures.json" -H 'Content-type:application/json'

To view the features you just uploaded please open the following URL in a browser:

http://localhost:8983/solr/techproducts/schema/feature-store/_DEFAULT_
Example: /path/myFeatures.json
[
  {
    "name" : "documentRecency",
    "class" : "org.apache.solr.ltr.feature.SolrFeature",
    "params" : {
      "q" : "{!func}recip( ms(NOW,last_modified), 3.16e-11, 1, 1)"
    }
  },
  {
    "name" : "isBook",
    "class" : "org.apache.solr.ltr.feature.SolrFeature",
    "params" : {
      "fq": ["{!terms f=cat}book"]
    }
  },
  {
    "name" : "originalScore",
    "class" : "org.apache.solr.ltr.feature.OriginalScoreFeature",
    "params" : {}
  }
]

Extracting Features

To extract features as part of a query, add [features] to the fl parameter, for example:

http://localhost:8983/solr/techproducts/query?q=test&fl=id,score,[features]

The output XML will include feature values as a comma-separated list, resembling the output shown here:

{
  "responseHeader":{
    "status":0,
    "QTime":0,
    "params":{
      "q":"test",
      "fl":"id,score,[features]"}},
  "response":{"numFound":2,"start":0,"maxScore":1.959392,"docs":[
      {
        "id":"GB18030TEST",
        "score":1.959392,
        "[features]":"documentRecency=0.020893794,isBook=0.0,originalScore=1.959392"},
      {
        "id":"UTF8TEST",
        "score":1.5513437,
        "[features]":"documentRecency=0.020893794,isBook=0.0,originalScore=1.5513437"}]
  }}

Uploading a Model

To upload the model in a /path/myModel.json file, please run:

curl -XPUT 'http://localhost:8983/solr/techproducts/schema/model-store' --data-binary "@/path/myModel.json" -H 'Content-type:application/json'

To view the model you just uploaded please open the following URL in a browser:

http://localhost:8983/solr/techproducts/schema/model-store
Example: /path/myModel.json
{
  "class" : "org.apache.solr.ltr.model.LinearModel",
  "name" : "myModel",
  "features" : [
    { "name" : "documentRecency" },
    { "name" : "isBook" },
    { "name" : "originalScore" }
  ],
  "params" : {
    "weights" : {
      "documentRecency" : 1.0,
      "isBook" : 0.1,
      "originalScore" : 0.5
    }
  }
}

Running a Rerank Query

To rerank the results of a query, add the rq parameter to your search, for example:

http://localhost:8983/solr/techproducts/query?q=test&rq={!ltr model=myModel reRankDocs=100}&fl=id,score

The addition of the rq parameter will not change the output XML of the search.

To obtain the feature values computed during reranking, add [features] to the fl parameter, for example:

http://localhost:8983/solr/techproducts/query?q=test&rq={!ltr model=myModel reRankDocs=100}&fl=id,score,[features]

The output XML will include feature values as a comma-separated list, resembling the output shown here:

{
  "responseHeader":{
    "status":0,
    "QTime":0,
    "params":{
      "q":"test",
      "fl":"id,score,[features]",
      "rq":"{!ltr model=myModel reRankDocs=100}"}},
  "response":{"numFound":2,"start":0,"maxScore":1.0005897,"docs":[
      {
        "id":"GB18030TEST",
        "score":1.0005897,
        "[features]":"documentRecency=0.020893792,isBook=0.0,originalScore=1.959392"},
      {
        "id":"UTF8TEST",
        "score":0.79656565,
        "[features]":"documentRecency=0.020893792,isBook=0.0,originalScore=1.5513437"}]
  }}

External Feature Information

The ValueFeature and SolrFeature classes support the use of external feature information, efi for short.

Uploading Features

To upload features in a /path/myEfiFeatures.json file, please run:

curl -XPUT 'http://localhost:8983/solr/techproducts/schema/feature-store' --data-binary "@/path/myEfiFeatures.json" -H 'Content-type:application/json'

To view the features you just uploaded please open the following URL in a browser:

http://localhost:8983/solr/techproducts/schema/feature-store/myEfiFeatureStore
Example: /path/myEfiFeatures.json
[
  {
    "store" : "myEfiFeatureStore",
    "name" : "isPreferredManufacturer",
    "class" : "org.apache.solr.ltr.feature.SolrFeature",
    "params" : { "fq" : [ "{!field f=manu}${preferredManufacturer}" ] }
  },
  {
    "store" : "myEfiFeatureStore",
    "name" : "userAnswerValue",
    "class" : "org.apache.solr.ltr.feature.ValueFeature",
    "params" : { "value" : "${answer:42}" }
  },
  {
    "store" : "myEfiFeatureStore",
    "name" : "userFromMobileValue",
    "class" : "org.apache.solr.ltr.feature.ValueFeature",
    "params" : { "value" : "${fromMobile}", "required" : true }
  },
  {
    "store" : "myEfiFeatureStore",
    "name" : "userTextCat",
    "class" : "org.apache.solr.ltr.feature.SolrFeature",
    "params" : { "q" : "{!field f=cat}${text}" }
  }
]

As an aside, you may have noticed that the myEfiFeatures.json example uses "store":"myEfiFeatureStore" attributes: read more about feature store in the LTR Lifecycle section of this page.

Extracting Features

To extract myEfiFeatureStore features as part of a query, add efi.* parameters to the [features] part of the fl parameter, for example:

http://localhost:8983/solr/techproducts/query?q=test&fl=id,cat,manu,score,[features store=myEfiFeatureStore efi.text=test efi.preferredManufacturer=Apache efi.fromMobile=1]
http://localhost:8983/solr/techproducts/query?q=test&fl=id,cat,manu,score,[features store=myEfiFeatureStore efi.text=test efi.preferredManufacturer=Apache efi.fromMobile=0 efi.answer=13]

Uploading a Model

To upload the model in a /path/myEfiModel.json file, please run:

curl -XPUT 'http://localhost:8983/solr/techproducts/schema/model-store' --data-binary "@/path/myEfiModel.json" -H 'Content-type:application/json'

To view the model you just uploaded please open the following URL in a browser:

http://localhost:8983/solr/techproducts/schema/model-store
Example: /path/myEfiModel.json
{
  "store" : "myEfiFeatureStore",
  "name" : "myEfiModel",
  "class" : "org.apache.solr.ltr.model.LinearModel",
  "features" : [
    { "name" : "isPreferredManufacturer" },
    { "name" : "userAnswerValue" },
    { "name" : "userFromMobileValue" },
    { "name" : "userTextCat" }
  ],
  "params" : {
    "weights" : {
      "isPreferredManufacturer" : 0.2,
      "userAnswerValue" : 1.0,
      "userFromMobileValue" : 1.0,
      "userTextCat" : 0.1
    }
  }
}

Running a Rerank Query

To obtain the feature values computed during reranking, add [features] to the fl parameter and efi.* parameters to the rq parameter, for example:

http://localhost:8983/solr/techproducts/query?q=test&rq={!ltr model=myEfiModel efi.text=test efi.preferredManufacturer=Apache efi.fromMobile=1}&fl=id,cat,manu,score,[features]
http://localhost:8983/solr/techproducts/query?q=test&rq={!ltr model=myEfiModel efi.text=test efi.preferredManufacturer=Apache efi.fromMobile=0 efi.answer=13}&fl=id,cat,manu,score,[features]

Notice the absence of efi.* parameters in the [features] part of the fl parameter.

Extracting Features While Reranking

To extract features for myEfiFeatureStore features while still reranking with myModel:

http://localhost:8983/solr/techproducts/query?q=test&rq={!ltr model=myModel}&fl=id,cat,manu,score,[features store=myEfiFeatureStore efi.text=test efi.preferredManufacturer=Apache efi.fromMobile=1]

Notice the absence of efi.* parameters in the rq parameter (because myModel does not use efi feature) and the presence of efi.* parameters in the [features] part of the fl parameter (because myEfiFeatureStore contains efi features).

Read more about model evolution in the LTR Lifecycle section of this page.

Training Example

Example training data and a demo train_and_upload_demo_model.py script can be found in the solr/contrib/ltr/example folder in the Apache lucene-solr Git repository (mirrored on github.com). This example folder is not shipped in the Solr binary release.

Installation of LTR

The ltr contrib module requires the dist/solr-ltr-*.jar JARs.

LTR Configuration

Learning-To-Rank is a contrib module and therefore its plugins must be configured in solrconfig.xml.

Minimum Requirements

  • Include the required contrib JARs. Note that by default paths are relative to the Solr core so they may need adjustments to your configuration, or an explicit specification of the $solr.install.dir.

    <lib dir="${solr.install.dir:../../../..}/dist/" regex="solr-ltr-\d.*\.jar" />

  • Declaration of the ltr query parser.

    <queryParser name="ltr" class="org.apache.solr.ltr.search.LTRQParserPlugin"/>

  • Configuration of the feature values cache.

    <cache name="QUERY_DOC_FV"
       class="solr.search.LRUCache"
       size="4096"
       initialSize="2048"
       autowarmCount="4096"
       regenerator="solr.search.NoOpRegenerator" />

  • Declaration of the [features] transformer.

    <transformer name="features" class="org.apache.solr.ltr.response.transform.LTRFeatureLoggerTransformerFactory">
  <str name="fvCacheName">QUERY_DOC_FV</str>
</transformer>

Advanced Options

LTRThreadModule

A thread module can be configured for the query parser and/or the transformer to parallelize the creation of feature weights. For details, please refer to the LTRThreadModule javadocs.

Feature Vector Customization

The features transformer returns dense CSV values such as featureA=0.1,featureB=0.2,featureC=0.3,featureD=0.0.

For sparse CSV output such as featureA:0.1 featureB:0.2 featureC:0.3 you can customize the feature logger transformer declaration in solrconfig.xml as follows:

<transformer name="features" class="org.apache.solr.ltr.response.transform.LTRFeatureLoggerTransformerFactory">
  <str name="fvCacheName">QUERY_DOC_FV</str>
  <str name="defaultFormat">sparse</str>
  <str name="csvKeyValueDelimiter">:</str>
  <str name="csvFeatureSeparator"> </str>
</transformer>

Implementation and Contributions

How does Solr Learning-To-Rank work under the hood?
Please refer to the ltr javadocs for an implementation overview.
How could I write additional models and/or features?
Contributions for further models, features and normalizers are welcome. Related links:

LTR Lifecycle

Feature Stores

It is recommended that you organise all your features into stores which are akin to namespaces:

  • Features within a store must be named uniquely.
  • Across stores identical or similar features can share the same name.
  • If no store name is specified then the default _DEFAULT_ feature store will be used.

To discover the names of all your feature stores:

http://localhost:8983/solr/techproducts/schema/feature-store

To inspect the content of the commonFeatureStore feature store:

http://localhost:8983/solr/techproducts/schema/feature-store/commonFeatureStore

Models

  • A model uses features from exactly one feature store.
  • If no store is specified then the default _DEFAULT_ feature store will be used.
  • A model need not use all the features defined in a feature store.
  • Multiple models can use the same feature store.

To extract features for currentFeatureStore 's features:

http://localhost:8983/solr/techproducts/query?q=test&fl=id,score,[features store=currentFeatureStore]

To extract features for nextFeatureStore features whilst reranking with currentModel based on currentFeatureStore:

http://localhost:8983/solr/techproducts/query?q=test&rq={!ltr model=currentModel reRankDocs=100}&fl=id,score,[features store=nextFeatureStore]

To view all models:

http://localhost:8983/solr/techproducts/schema/model-store

To delete the currentModel model:

curl -XDELETE 'http://localhost:8983/solr/techproducts/schema/model-store/currentModel'
A feature store may be deleted only when there are no models using it.

To delete the currentFeatureStore feature store:

curl -XDELETE 'http://localhost:8983/solr/techproducts/schema/feature-store/currentFeatureStore'

Using Large Models

With SolrCloud, large models may fail to upload due to the limitation of ZooKeeper’s buffer. In this case, DefaultWrapperModel may help you to separate the model definition from uploaded file.

Assuming that you consider to use a large model placed at /path/to/models/myModel.json through DefaultWrapperModel.

{
  "store" : "largeModelsFeatureStore",
  "name" : "myModel",
  "class" : ...,
  "features" : [
    ...
  ],
  "params" : {
    ...
  }
}

First, add the directory to Solr’s resource paths with a <lib/> directive:

  <lib dir="/path/to" regex="models" />

Then, configure DefaultWrapperModel to wrap myModel.json:

{
  "store" : "largeModelsFeatureStore",
  "name" : "myWrapperModel",
  "class" : "org.apache.solr.ltr.model.DefaultWrapperModel",
  "params" : {
    "resource" : "myModel.json"
  }
}

myModel.json will be loaded during the initialization and be able to use by specifying model=myWrapperModel.

No "features" are configured in myWrapperModel because the features of the wrapped model (myModel) will be used; also note that the "store" configured for the wrapper model must match that of the wrapped model i.e., in this example the feature store called largeModelsFeatureStore is used.
<lib dir="/path/to/models" regex=".*\.json" /> doesn’t work as expected in this case, because SolrResourceLoader considers given resources as JAR if <lib /> indicates files.

As an alternative to the above-described DefaultWrapperModel, it is possible to increase ZooKeeper’s file size limit.

Applying Changes

The feature store and the model store are both Managed Resources. Changes made to managed resources are not applied to the active Solr components until the Solr collection (or Solr core in single server mode) is reloaded.

LTR Examples

One Feature Store, Multiple Ranking Models

  • leftModel and rightModel both use features from commonFeatureStore and the only different between the two models is the weights attached to each feature.
  • Conventions used:
    • commonFeatureStore.json file contains features for the commonFeatureStore feature store
    • leftModel.json file contains model named leftModel
    • rightModel.json file contains model named rightModel
    • The model’s features and weights are sorted alphabetically by name, this makes it easy to see what the commonalities and differences between the two models are.
    • The stores features are sorted alphabetically by name, this makes it easy to lookup features used in the models
Example: /path/commonFeatureStore.json
[
  {
    "store" : "commonFeatureStore",
    "name" : "documentRecency",
    "class" : "org.apache.solr.ltr.feature.SolrFeature",
    "params" : {
      "q" : "{!func}recip( ms(NOW,last_modified), 3.16e-11, 1, 1)"
    }
  },
  {
    "store" : "commonFeatureStore",
    "name" : "isBook",
    "class" : "org.apache.solr.ltr.feature.SolrFeature",
    "params" : {
      "fq": [ "{!terms f=category}book" ]
    }
  },
  {
    "store" : "commonFeatureStore",
    "name" : "originalScore",
    "class" : "org.apache.solr.ltr.feature.OriginalScoreFeature",
    "params" : {}
  }
]
Example: /path/leftModel.json
{
  "store" : "commonFeatureStore",
  "name" : "leftModel",
  "class" : "org.apache.solr.ltr.model.LinearModel",
  "features" : [
    { "name" : "documentRecency" },
    { "name" : "isBook" },
    { "name" : "originalScore" }
  ],
  "params" : {
    "weights" : {
      "documentRecency" : 0.1,
      "isBook" : 1.0,
      "originalScore" : 0.5
    }
  }
}
Example: /path/rightModel.json
{
  "store" : "commonFeatureStore",
  "name" : "rightModel",
  "class" : "org.apache.solr.ltr.model.LinearModel",
  "features" : [
    { "name" : "documentRecency" },
    { "name" : "isBook" },
    { "name" : "originalScore" }
  ],
  "params" : {
    "weights" : {
      "documentRecency" : 1.0,
      "isBook" : 0.1,
      "originalScore" : 0.5
    }
  }
}

Model Evolution

  • linearModel201701 uses features from featureStore201701
  • treesModel201702 uses features from featureStore201702
  • linearModel201701 and treesModel201702 and their feature stores can co-exist whilst both are needed.
  • When linearModel201701 has been deleted then featureStore201701 can also be deleted.
  • Conventions used:
    • <store>.json file contains features for the <store> feature store
    • <model>.json file contains model name <model>
    • a 'generation' id (e.g., YYYYMM year-month) is part of the feature store and model names
    • The model’s features and weights are sorted alphabetically by name, this makes it easy to see what the commonalities and differences between the two models are.
    • The stores features are sorted alphabetically by name, this makes it easy to see what the commonalities and differences between the two feature stores are.
Example: /path/featureStore201701.json
[
  {
    "store" : "featureStore201701",
    "name" : "documentRecency",
    "class" : "org.apache.solr.ltr.feature.SolrFeature",
    "params" : {
      "q" : "{!func}recip( ms(NOW,last_modified), 3.16e-11, 1, 1)"
    }
  },
  {
    "store" : "featureStore201701",
    "name" : "isBook",
    "class" : "org.apache.solr.ltr.feature.SolrFeature",
    "params" : {
      "fq": [ "{!terms f=category}book" ]
    }
  },
  {
    "store" : "featureStore201701",
    "name" : "originalScore",
    "class" : "org.apache.solr.ltr.feature.OriginalScoreFeature",
    "params" : {}
  }
]
Example: /path/linearModel201701.json
{
  "store" : "featureStore201701",
  "name" : "linearModel201701",
  "class" : "org.apache.solr.ltr.model.LinearModel",
  "features" : [
    { "name" : "documentRecency" },
    { "name" : "isBook" },
    { "name" : "originalScore" }
  ],
  "params" : {
    "weights" : {
      "documentRecency" : 0.1,
      "isBook" : 1.0,
      "originalScore" : 0.5
    }
  }
}
Example: /path/featureStore201702.json
[
  {
    "store" : "featureStore201702",
    "name" : "isBook",
    "class" : "org.apache.solr.ltr.feature.SolrFeature",
    "params" : {
      "fq": [ "{!terms f=category}book" ]
    }
  },
  {
    "store" : "featureStore201702",
    "name" : "originalScore",
    "class" : "org.apache.solr.ltr.feature.OriginalScoreFeature",
    "params" : {}
  }
]
Example: /path/treesModel201702.json
{
  "store" : "featureStore201702",
  "name" : "treesModel201702",
  "class" : "org.apache.solr.ltr.model.MultipleAdditiveTreesModel",
  "features" : [
    { "name" : "isBook" },
    { "name" : "originalScore" }
  ],
  "params" : {
    "trees" : [
      {
        "weight" : "1",
        "root" : {
          "feature" : "isBook",
          "threshold" : "0.5",
          "left" : { "value" : "-100" },
          "right" : {
            "feature" : "originalScore",
            "threshold" : "10.0",
            "left" : { "value" : "50" },
            "right" : { "value" : "75" }
          }
        }
      },
      {
        "weight" : "2",
        "root" : {
          "value" : "-10"
        }
      }
    ]
  }
}

Additional LTR Resources